This article explains the types of microphone elements and how to distinguish them. It also elaborates on the differences between omnidirectional and unidirectional microphones. Let's explore this topic together!
1. What Is a Microphone Element?
A microphone element is a transducer that converts sound waves into electrical signals. It works opposite to a speaker, which converts electrical signals into sound waves. Microphone elements are also known as microphones, mics, or transducers.
2. Types of Microphone Elements
Based on Operating Principles:
- Carbon Granule
- Dynamic
- Condenser
- Electret Condenser (mainly discussed here)
- Magnetic Crystal and Ceramic
- Silicon-based
Based on Size:
- Φ9.7 series
- Φ8 series
- Φ6 series
- Φ4.5 series
- Φ4 series
- Φ3 series
Based on Directivity:
- Omnidirectional
- Bidirectional
- Unidirectional (Noise-Canceling)
-
Based on Polarization Method:
- Diaphragm Type
- Backplate Type
- Frontplate Type
Based on Connection Type:
- Standard Solder Pads (L-Type)
- Pin-Type (P-Type)
- Concentric Pads (S-Type)
3. Differences Between Omnidirectional and Unidirectional Microphones
Omnidirectional Microphones: These capture sound uniformly from all directions using a pressure-operated diaphragm design. They are ideal for recording ambient sounds or when the sound source moves, such as during a presentation with a lapel mic. However, they can also pick up background noise.
Unidirectional Microphones: These use a pressure-gradient design to pick up sound primarily from one direction. They are better for focused audio capture but may have a proximity effect, where the sound changes based on distance from the mic. Common examples include gooseneck microphones used in conferences.
- Unidirectional microphones are better for single-person use with reduced ambient noise but limited pickup range.
- Omnidirectional microphones have a broader pickup range, ideal for group settings, but may capture more background noise.
- Bidirectional microphones are suitable for local amplification, while omnidirectional mics are not due to feedback issues.
